Danish by extraction

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(gen. pl. kynja), n.

1) kin, kindred (þar átti hann kyn hálft); danskr at kyni, Danish by extraction; telja kyn sitt til e-s, to claim kindred with;

2) kind, sort, species; ískyldasta kyni, of the most befitting kind; alls kyns, of every kind; hvers kyns, of any kind; margs kyns, of many kinds; þess kyns, of that kind;

3) gender (karl-, kvenn-kyn).

(gen. pl. kynja), n. wonder marvel, portent (þá urðu mörg kyn bæði í draumum ok sýnum).

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n., gen. pl. kynja, dat. kynjum; [akin to kænn, kunna]:—wonder; en eptir þetta kyn þyngisk hönd Drottins yfir …, Stj. 436; þótti mönnum þetta kyn mikil, Sturl.: þá urðu mörg kyn bæði í draumum ok sýnum, Bs. i. 662; þótti þeim þat kynjum sæta, 655 xxvii. 22; mönnum þótti kynjum við bregða, Fms. vi. 95: in mod. usage, það er ekki kyn, ‘tis not to be wondered at.

COMPDS: kynburðr, kynjalauss, kynjalæti, kynjamein, kynjamenn, kynjasótt, kynjavetr.

n., gen. pl. kynja, (but kyna less correct, Greg. 75, Sks. 450 B); [Ulf. kuni = γένος, passim; = φυλή, Luke ii. 36, Philipp. iii. 5; ἐφημερία, Luke i. 8; A. S. cyn; Engl. kin; O. H. G. kunni; Dutch kunne; lost in mod. Germ; Swed.-Dan. kön; Lat. genus; Gr. γένος]:—kin, kindred; þar átti hann kyn hálft, Eg. 288; faðir þeirra hafði kyn átt tveim megin Gautelfar, 72; Danskr, Sænskr at kyni, Danish, Swedish by extraction, Ó. H. passim; e-m kippir í kyn, Fms. ii. 34, Glúm. 346; telja kyn sitt til e-s, Fms. v. 132; ek á kyn á Jamtalandi, Ó. H. 211:—in names of families = a house, Ölvusinga-kyn, the house of the O., Landn.; Mýramanna-kyn, the house of the M., Eg. 770; Vatnsfirðinga-kyn, the house of the W., Ld. 129; Eireks kyn, Eirek’s kin, Ó. H. (in a verse); kyn þjóðar, mankind, Geisli 20, Merl. 2. 29; fíra kyn, lofða kyn, Ýt. 21; gumna kyn, id.; kyn beirna, id.; lýða kyn, id., Edda (in a verse); kyn aldar, id., Harms. 34; gýgjar kyn, giant-kind, Helr. 13; gyldis kyn, wolf-kind, Edda (Ht.); kyn kvenna, womankind, Kormak; karl-kyn, male kind; kvenn-kyn, womankind; jöfra kyn, the royal kin, Ó. H. (in a verse); konunga kyn, royal family, Fms. xi. 406.

2. a tribe; í öllum kynjum ( tribes) Israel, Stj. 342; allra mannligra kyna, Greg. 75.

II. a kind, sort, species; allr fénaðr meðr jöfnu kyni, Stj. 178; með reykelsi ok öllu kyni blóta, 656. A. ii. 14; í skyldasta kyni, of the most befitting kind, Landn. 168; hvalr tvítögr eða lengri eins kyns, Grág. ii. 337; alls kyns, of every kind, Fms. v. 345; annars kyns, of other kinds, viii. 251; hvers kyns, of any kind; engis kyns, of no kind, Stj. 27; margs kyns, of many kinds, Fb. ii. 297; þess kyns, of that kind, Fms. vi. 216.

2. gender; karl-kyn, masculine; kvenn-kyn, feminine, Skálda 185; hvárginligt kyn, neuter, 185; föll, kyn ok nafn, 180; kynja-skipti, change of gender, 185. kyns-maðr, m. a kinsman; frá kynsmönnum Abrahams, 656 B. 2; fyrstr sinna kynsmanna, Eg. 263, 536, Fms. ii. 22.

n. = óðal (q. v.), a patrimony, whence origin, extraction; ef ek öðli (ǿþli Cod.) ættak sem Ingunnar-Freyr eði svá sælligt setr, Ls. 43; segja til nafns sins ok alls öðlis (æþlis Cod.), to tell one’s name and whereabouts, Hbl. 9: allit., ætt ok öðli, passim; Danskr at øðli, Danish by extraction, Hom.; cp. the forms orðla, orðlum, N. G. L.; for further references, see eðii (the later form); the old form remains in aldar-öðli, see óðal in the Addenda.

a. Danish;

dönsk tunga, the Danish (or old Scandinavian) language.

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adj., Danir, pl. Danes; Dan-mörk, f. Denmark, i. e. the mark, march, or border of the Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Danish empire; Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compds, vide Fms. xi. This adj. requires special notice, because of the phrase Dönsk tunga ( the Danish tongue), the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue. It must be borne in mind that the ‘Danish’ of the old Saga times applies not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the researches of the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at times, extended over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac (Vík); hence a Dane became in Engl. synonymous with a Scandinavian; the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish; and ‘Dönsk tunga’ is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the widest extent, vide Sighvat in Fms. iv. 73, Eg. ch. 51, Grág. ii. 71, 72. During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much in use, but as the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became obsolete, and Icel. writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use the name ‘Norræna,’ Norse tongue, from Norway their own mother country, and the nearest akin to Icel. in customs and idiom. ‘Swedish’ never occurs, because Icel. had little intercourse with that country, although the Scandinavian tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th century, when almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century, the Norræna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced by the present word ‘Icelandic,’ which kept its ground, because the language in the mean time underwent great changes on the Scandinavian continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments into Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated and published the N. T. in 1540, and bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons, and poetry (Hallgrímr Pétrsson, Jón Vídalín), the regeneration of the old literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (Brynjólfr Sveinsson, Arni Magnússon, Þormóðr Torfason),—all this put an end to the phrases Dönsk tunga and Norræna; and the last phrase is only used to denote obsolete grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and phrases of the living language. The translators of the Bible often say ‘vort Íslenzkt mál,’ our Icelandic tongue, or ‘vort móður mál,’ our mother tongue; móður-málið mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phrase ‘Dönsk tunga’ has given rise to a great many polemical antiquarian essays: the last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as settled, is that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lex. Poët.; cp. also that of Pál Vídalín in Skýr. s. v., also published in Latin at the end of the old Ed. of Gunnl. Saga, 1775.

(in old MSS. written øðli), n.

1) nature; manns eðli, mannligt eðli, human nature; arnar eðli, the eagle’s nature; þat er í móti náttúrligu eðli, it is against the order of nature;

2) origin, extraction (hann var valskr at ætt ok eðli);

3) fœtus (þótti henni kviknat hafa eðli sitt).

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n., akin to and derived from óðal, q. v.; old MSS. also always use the form øðli (eyðli, D. I. l. c.), Fms. x. 301, Hom. 47, 118, Greg. 48, O. H. L. 86, Eluc. 16, Hkr. i. 225, Hbl. 9, Bs. i. 335, 342; eðli is more modern, but öðli is still preserved:

1. nature; mannligt e., human nature or character, 623. 19, Eb. 110, Fms. x. 301; náttúrligt e., human condition, Mag. (Fr.); vera í e. sinu, to be in one’s own nature or frame of mind, Fs. 59; eptir e., natural, ordinary, Fms. iii. 118; móti e., against nature, extraordinary; með líkindum ok e., Edda 69; undruðusk er jörðin ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu saman e. í sumum hlutum, 144. (pref.); eðli and náttúra ( natura) are used synonymously, id.; engla öðli, the nature of angels, Eluc. 16; arnar öðli, the eagle’s nature, Hom. 47; allt mannkyns öðli, Greg. 48; öðrlez (= öðlis) skepna, O. H. L. 86.

2. birth, origin, extraction, in the alliterative phrases, ætt ok öðli, Fms. i. 149; hann var Valskr ( Welsh) at ætt ok eðli, vii. 56; Danskr at öðli, Danish by origin, Hom. 118; nafn ok öðli, name and family, Hbl. 9: the phrase, at alda-öðli, for ever and ever, D. I. i. 266: in mod. usage, frá alda öðli, from the birth of time, from the beginning, only used of ‘past time;’ the Dan. ‘fra Arildstid’ is probably a corruption of the same phrase.

3. embryo, Lat. fetus, Mar. 156.

COMPDS: eðlisfræði, eðlishættir, eðlisskapan.

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1) gleam, sheen;

2) bleaching (liggja á bliki);

3) vizor of a helmet.

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n. [cp. Germ. blick and blitz; Engl. blink (in ice-blink, the gleam of distant ice-fields), and blaze], gleam, sheen, Scot. glint, Lat. nitor; barach þýðir b. eðr brjánda, Stj. 389. The original notion of fulgor is alien to Icel.; even augnablik, q. v., is of Dan. and Germ. extraction; a dead-calm sea is in Danish havblik and blikstille, but in Icel. blæja-logn. The gleam of metal (shields) is called blik, Edda 86 (poët.): of the sky, Breiðablik is the heavenly abode of the god Baldr, Gm. 12.

2. bleaching, Dan. bleg; blæjur á bliki, Fas. ii. (in a verse); lérept á bliki, N. G. L. i. 381.

3. hadd-blik, Edda 77.

II. (for. word), the vizor on a helmet, in writers of the 14th and 15th centuries, Fas. iii. 229, Ann. 1393.